Переведите текст Components of Tractors Nowadays tractors are widely used in agriculture and in industry. In agriculture tractors are used in such jobs as plowing, planting, cultivating, fertilizing, harvesting, transport works, etc. In different branches of industry tractors are used as road transport tractors hauling heavy loads. They are also used for different building purposes. Tractors may be agricultural tractors, road transport tractors and special tractors. Agricultural tractors are subdivided into: the general tractors designed for hauling agricultural machinery; cultivators designed for specific agricultural jobs; tractors for operation on soft boggy ground. Road transport tractors are equipped with a load carrying platform. Special tractors are usually equipped with auxiliary devices. Tractors may belong either to wheeled-typetractors or totrack-layingtype tractors. The construction of a tractor includes the following main units: 1.Power unit which includes the engine with all auxiliary devices – a radiator, a fan, a starter device, a fuel tank, a pump, etc. 2.Transmission which consists of a clutch, a speed control unit, universal joints, gearing mechanisms, shafts, steering mechanisms, a final drive, axles. 3.Driver which includes driving, supporting and controlling mechanisms. 4.A steering unit. 5.The tractor frame. 6.Working and auxiliary equipment. Tractor engines have internal combustion engines as the source of power. Tractor engines requirements differ considerably from the requirements of the automotive engines. Automotive engines are generally unsuitable for tractors. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France on December 27, 1822. His family was poor and during his early education he was an average student who enjoyed art and singing. However, when Louis was exposed to science as a teenager, he knew he had found his calling. In 1838, Louis went to college to become a science teacher. He earned degrees in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. He then became a chemistry professor at the University of Strasbourg. While at university, he fell in love with the daughter of the university’s rector, Marie Laurent. He and Marie married in 1849. They had five children, however, three died young from typhoid fever. It was the deaths of his children that drove Louis to investigate infectious diseases in order to find a cure. During Pasteur’s time, people believed that microbes, such as bacteria, appeared due to "spontaneous generation". They thought that the bacteria just appeared out of nowhere. Pasteur ran experiments to see if this was true. Through his experiments he proved that germs (i.e. bacteria) were living things that came from other living things. They didn’t just spontaneously appear. This was a major discovery in the study of biology and earned Pasteur the nickname the "Father of Germ Theory". Pasteur used his knowledge of germs to investigate how beverages such as wine and milk were spoiled by microbes such as bacteria and molds. He found that heating up the liquids would kill most of the microbes and allow the beverages to last longer and be safer to drink. This process became known as pasteurization and is still done on many foods such as milk, vinegar, wines, cheese, and juices. As Pasteur learned more and more about bacteria, he began to think they may be the cause of disease in humans. When the French silk market was threatened by a disease to silkworms, Pasteur decided to investigate. He discovered that this disease was caused by microbes. By eliminating the microbes from the silkworm farms, he was able to end the disease and save the French silk business. Pasteur continued to investigate with diseases. He found that he could make a weak form of a disease that would cause people to become immune to the stronger form of the disease. He called this weak form a "vaccine". He first discovered this by working with cattle on the disease anthrax. The first vaccine he gave to a human was the rabies vaccine. He administered it to a nine-year-old boy named Joseph Meister in 1885. Today Louis Pasteur is known as one of the most important scientists in history. His discoveries led to an understanding of microbes and diseases that has helped to save millions and millions of lives. Ответьте на вопросы: Why did he decide to investigate infectious diseases? His children died He was a professor of chemistry He was running some experiments with bacteria What is "pasteurization"? Pasteur’s laboratory Process of heating beverages Examination of bacteria How did Pasteur save the French silk business? He invested some money in it He reduced the amount of microbes on the farms He investigated the cause of the disease Who did he give his first vaccination to? To himself To animals To a boy What field were his main inventions in? Mathematics, physics and chemistry Science and business Bacteria and diseases Помогите сократить текст! Have you ever wanted to achieve something really amazing in life? Well,Greg Mortenson wanted to climb a mountain, but he ended up helping thousands of people to have a better life! Greg Mortenson’s story began with faillure. In 1993, he set out to climb K2, the world’s second highest mountain. But Greg never made it to the top. After five days, he stembled into the village of Korphe in northern Pakistan, injured and hungry. Greg saw that the villagers were very poor and there was a lot of disease and hunger.Also, the village school didn’t have a roof and the children wrote on the ground with sticks. "I’ll build you a school," he told the villagers. "I promise." Greg went back home to the USA to raise money for the school. He even lived in his car to save money! But this was just the beginning of somothing much bigger! Since then, Greg’s organisation has build around 80 schools and runs many others in Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries, too. Greg hasn’t finished yet. He has won many humanitarian and peace awards, but it’s the smiles of the children he has helped that makes him happy! It’s a thrilling read and proof of what ordinary people can do with courage and determination! (Переведите текст :Londoners love their parks and are proud of them. London is very rich in parks and gardens. You can spend the whole day in the country - without leaving London. London’s parks are full of trees,grass,flowers and water. You can walk among old trees,relax and admire flowers and plate or take part in the many activities such as tennis,swimming and horse-riding. The Royal Parks are the property of the Royal family. In central London they include Hyde Park,Green Park,St James’s Park,Regent’s Park and Kensington Gardens. Hyde Park is famous for its outdoor entertainments and its Speaker’s Corner. On a Sunday morning anyone can make a speech about something he believes to be very important. You can also visit Regent’s Park where you will find London Zoo,aboating lake and an open-air theatre, where in summer you can enjoy Shakespeare’s plays. St James’s Park, the oldest London park,is very beautiful with its trees and flower beds and view of Buckingham Palace. The statue of the famous fairytale hero, Peter Pen,can be seen in Kensington Gardens. Parks are free in London.
